Analysis of Energy Poverty in Indonesia Based on Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) Approach

Energy poverty is a complex development problem because it is not only related to income limitations, but also reflects the inability of households to access and utilize modern energy services properly. This study aims to analyze the level of household energy poverty in Indonesia using the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) approach and examine the influence of the Human Development Index (HDI) and economic inequality on energy poverty, with region as a control variable. This study uses secondary data from the 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) which covers 339,847 households. MEPI is calculated based on five main dimensions, namely access to cooking fuel, lighting, ownership of household appliances, educational and entertainment facilities, and communication tools. The next analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The results of the study show that energy poverty in Indonesia is still concentrated in the eastern region, especially in the dimensions of cooking fuel, indoor pollution, and the ownership of education and communication equipment. Empirically, HDI has a significant negative effect on energy poverty, while economic inequality has a positive effect on increasing energy poverty. These findings confirm that improving the quality of human development and reducing economic inequality are key factors in efforts to address energy poverty in a sustainable manner in Indonesia.